How The Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals And...

How the Brain Effects Cocaine Dependent Individuals and Treatment One of the most addictive substances in the modern society that is increasingly abused is cocaine, which is a drug that generates several problems in the society and today’s health care programs. As a result of the increased use of this drug, users sometime develop cocaine addiction or dependence, which is a condition characterized by an overwhelming psychological desire to use the drug regularly. Despite its associated psychological impacts, people increasingly use cocaine and become addicted because it generates euphoria and high levels of energy similar to caffeine. Cocaine addiction or dependence has become a major issue for health care providers because it may contribute to brain and cardiovascular damage, which in turn generates heart attacks, strokes, and constricting heart arteries. Therefore, the treatment of cocaine addiction or dependence is increasingly important in today’s society. This a rticle focuses on examining how the brain effects cocaine dependent individuals and treatment. The first section primarily focuses on providing a biopsychosocial description of cocaine addiction or dependence based on recent research findings. This description includes a discussion on the evolution of cocaine dependence to become a major public health issue. This is followed by an evaluation of the social impact of the problem. The analysis is carried out on the premise on why cocaine dependence andShow MoreRelatedNeural Plasticty607 Words   |  3 Pagesand Biological Effects: Cocaine Dependence and Neurological Adaption In America, Cocaine dependence is an issue which involves nearly every one in three drug related emergency hospital visits, having various personal and social economic impacts (Martell, Orson et al. 2009). Many individuals who suffer have been found to have impaired cognitive functions and manifest a myriad of biological and neurological dysfunctions. The relationship between cocaine and cocaine dependence on brain physiology isRead MoreThe Relationship Between Drug Abuse and Excessive Food Consumption1674 Words   |  7 PagesIn seminar, we discussed the relationship between drug addiction and excessive food consumption. In particular, we remarked that drugs of abuse hi jack the reward pathway that evolved for hedonic food consumption. Drugs such as cocaine cause excess dopamine released in the Nucleus Accumbens, which results in a feeling of extreme pleasure. Over time, the pleasure derived from the drug decreases due to synaptic adjustment and the addict is in a state of anhedon ia (lack of pleasure). Chronic drug useRead MoreEssay about Addiction and the Brain1037 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction and the Brain The ponderance that Brain = Behavior and the inherent ramifications of such proves no more fascinating than when addressed in the context of Addiction and the Brain. Essential to consider is: -what exactly is an addictive/abusive substance (drugs of abuse) -what brain center(s)/chemical(s)are involved -what does it mean to become physiologically dependent -how should the concept of addiction be addressed -how might we use animal models -and whatRead MoreEffects Of Cocaine On The Brain s Reward System3299 Words   |  14 Pages Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug that has become increasingly prevalent due to its rewarding effects. The rewarding effects of cocaine are largely mediated by its actions in blocking brain dopamine transmitters to increase extracellular levels of the neurotransmitter in the brain’s reward circuits (Hancock McKim, 2012). Cocaine is administered through the nose, where it is absorbed through the nasal tissues, or intravenously into the bloodstream. Once cocaine has been administeredRead MoreCocaine Is A Powerful Stimulant Drug1574 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the 1800’s, cocaine was first created and recognized for its medicinal purposes. â€Å"Cocaine is a powerful stimulant drug made from the leaves of the South American coca plant† (â€Å"Stimulants†). Cocaine was initially being used as a medicinal drug to reduce the pain of toothaches or as a local anesthesia used for certain surgeries. Shortly after, a new popular drink by the name of â€Å"Coca Cola† was created and contained a small amount of cocaine to provide the users with an increase of energy. DuringRead MoreDrug Use And The Therapeutic Treatment Of Drug Addiction901 Words   |  4 PagesI. Hypothesis It commonly believed that over time, the effects of drug related cues increases the efficacy of relapse. To this end, the researchers are looking to key brain chemicals to aid in the therapeutic treatment of drug addiction. A main concern is how can drug-related cues be counteracted or reduced in patients prone to relapse. In one study, investigators found that â€Å"drug use and relapse involves learned associations between drug-associated discrete and contextual cues and drug taking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Read MoreDrug Intoxication And Its Effects On Society2240 Words   |  9 PagesCocaine intoxication is one of the main effects a person gets when experiencing cocaine. Cocaine can be highly addictive and nearly impossible to get rid of. People who experience cocaine change physically and mentally. One of the main issues that change in a person is called Euphoria, which is considered as intense pleasures. This issue is the main reason why people want to keep getting high even more withi n time, due to the rewarding feeling the person gets. When on cocaine a person might feelRead MoreDrug Abuse On The Workplace Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and drug abuse has a major effect on employee absence and lost productively that leaves a negative working environment. It is important a company addresses the right guidelines to keep a drug free workplace. Establishing a clear and fair substance abuse policy and providing frequent drug testing can help with these issues. Drug abuse has proven to be a result of work related stress; companies that provide employee awareness training help teach employees how to better manage these issues. Read MoreDrug Addiction and Drugs1219 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscuss the effect of drugs on individuals, families and society. Ashley Gonzalez Ms. Cooper/Mr.Sussman English II-Period Three 06 March 2013 Drugs Addiction Research proposal Miami Beach Senior High Research Proposal: My research paper is on drugs in the work place. I will define drugs and the laws governing drugs in the workplace. My research paper is on drugs. I will define drugs. I will discuss the causes and effect of drugs. IRead MoreTendencies of Developing an Addiction1615 Words   |  7 Pagesaddiction – from reward to motivation Despite the fact that these studies give an overview of how a pleasurable effect can lead to addiction, they do not fully answer the question as to why some people are more prone to this disorder than others. To clarify this uncertainty, factors from all levels of analysis need to be examined. The studies above are fairly reductionist as they only focus on the effect of neurotransmission of dopamine in addictive behaviour and do not consider other aspects that

The Effects Of Physical Inactivity On Children s...

As noted above Mike’s health is considered frail and so he is not engaged in any form of exercise or any physical activities. The best he does with regards to exercise is to take a stroll in the hallway and he must be under supervision. Researches have shown that physical inactivity can contribute to the development and impact of chronic disease. Warburton, Nicol Bredin in their literature review in the Canadian Medical Association Journal reported that â€Å"there is irrefutable evidence of the effectiveness of regular physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of several chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression and osteoporosis) and premature death† (Warburton, Nicol Bredin, 2006). Michael however still exercise, in fact exercise is part of his rehabilitation plan. The fact that he has been very active before now is very beneficial and it has really helped to speed up his recovery process. Research has shown that pre-operative and post-operative exercise is beneficial in older adult because it can help to restore functionality. Hoogeboom et.al states that in older adult â€Å"therapeutic exercise before and after surgery might augment the postoperative outcomes by improving functional status and reducing the complication and mortality rate† (Hoogeboom et.al, 2014). For the elderly undergoing hip replacement such as Michael, they concluded that Pre and postoperative exercise is vital to full functionalShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Fast Food Industry On Canadians1263 Words   |  6 Pages This paper will look at the effects of the fast food industry on Canadians, specifically, the raise of obesity in Canada due to the wide availability of fast foods. Thi s topic is covered by providing a background about obesity, examining the health consequences, the economic impact, and looking at the social impact and the psychosocial impact on individuals diagnosed as obese. The paper was researched by reading about the subject matter in peer-reviewed journals and grey literature. The search termsRead MoreEpidemiology And Public Health Significance2485 Words   |  10 PagesKyle Andrade Dr. Perrino June 23, 2015 The Obesity Epidemic 1. Epidemiology and Public Health Significance Obesity is a significant public health problem that has serious worldwide implications for health and disease. The sheer quantity of obese people in the world and specifically America, is testament to the need for this grave public health concern to be curbed. Obesity is classified as individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30.0 and above. Since 1980 worldwide obesity has nearly doubledRead MoreDiabetes And How A Person With This Condition s Experience Has Affected Her Daily Life1401 Words   |  6 Pagesdiabetes. The disease results in the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, eliminating the body’s ability to produce insulin. The increased incidence of dia-betes may be related to the lack of health-promoting behaviors, such as inadequate physical exercise and not maintaining a balanced diet. Family history, obesity, unhealthy diet, ethnicity, race, age, and inactivity are considered risk factors for the development of T2DM. Prevalence: Approximately 26 million, or 8.3 %, of US children and adultsRead MorePhysical Activity And Its Effect On Children2422 Words   |  10 PagesPhysical activity is always recognized in society as a way to keep fit, slim and healthy. But it is also crucial in many other aspects and stages of life. In children, physical activity plays a role in their learning, sleep patterns and the formation of bones, all being essential for the health and wellbeing of the child in the present and the future. For people who battle cancer, physical activity can provide a healthier and happier recovery and positively affect their cell aging. Physical activityRead MoreMajor Causes Of Ischaemic Heart Disease2049 Words   |  9 Pagesnumber of risk factors present out of which, lack of physical activity is one of the cardinal risk factorsand account for 6% of mortality rate globally.According to Ministry of Health(2013),Physical inactivity is accountable for 4.2% of health loss in New Zealand and accounts for 25% of mortality rate due to coronary heart disease and diabetes, 20% due tobreast cancer and ischaemic stroke and 17% due to colon cancer. Moreover, lack of physical activity is one of the eight risk factors responsibleRead MoreEpidemiology And Public Health Significance3897 Words   |  16 Pagesthan doubled since 1980. In 2014, approximately over 600 million adults worldwide were obese. 39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2014, and 13% were obese. Most of the world s population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. 42 million children under the age of 5 were classified as obese in 2013 -WHO Among Obese Adults Age 20 and Older, United States, 2009–2010 Its estimated that Over one-third (35.7 percent) of adults are consideredRead MoreTake Home Project : Type 2 Diabetes3110 Words   |  13 Pages bethany.11.robertson@gmail.com Abstract This paper explores the chronic illness Type 2 diabetes. An overview of the impacts of the disease and the population at risk s provided. As a mechanism to control and assist in the prevention of the disease an education based program called Day 1 Diabetes Prevention is proposed. Such a program would target young people that are old enough to understand the consequences of the disease but still young enough to adopt positive health practices. It is consideredRead MoreDiabetes : A Serious And Deadly Disease2251 Words   |  10 Pagesdumbfounded when it comes to the symptom and causes of this particular disease. Diabetes has several symptoms such as repeated urination, extreme thirst, bigger appetite, and weight loss. It also affects people s lives and their family, and changes the way people think about food. It can cause the lives of many people who did not take the chance the way they eat or how they lived their lives. Diabetes is a very serious and deadly disease that has taken over many people’s lives in the Mississippi DeltaRead MoreEating Habits Should Be Focus On And Physical Activity Needs2706 Words   |  11 Pagestoday is obesity in which many adults and children face also today. â€Å"Obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight, which means weighing too much. The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, and/or body water. Both terms mean that a person s weight is greater than what s considered healthy for his or her height.†(Medline Plus, 2013) people that are obese may suffer from strokes, arthritis, some cancers and heart disease also economy cost goes up. â€Å"The economic costsRead MoreThe Three Dimensions Of Love Include Passion, Intimacy, And Commitment2625 Words   |  11 PagesJazmin Mejia Psych 106 Dr. Taylor July 21, 2015 Final Term Paper Question #1: Sternberg’s three dimensions of love include passion, intimacy, and commitment. Passion is described by Sternberg as an intense physical and emotional feeling characterized by excitement and euphoria which in turn activate hormones and neurons in the body and mind. Intimacy is described as the feeling of closeness and connectedness in addition to sharing secrets and nakedness. Lastly, commitment ties the other two dimensions

Women and Food Security Free Essays

There is a strong link between food security, good nutrition and gender. A gender approach to food security can enable shifts in gender power relations and assure that all people, re-gardless of gender, benefit from, and are em-powered by development policies and practices to improve food security and nutrition. This brief gives an overview on why and how to consider gender aspects in both short-term humanitarian assistance and long-term development coopera-tion that address food security. We will write a custom essay sample on Women and Food Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every woman, man and child has the right to ade-quate food. In far too many cases, women and girls are overrepresented among those who are food-insecure, partly because women often are denied basic human rights such as the right to own property, to find decent work, and to have an education and good health. People’s overall access to food relies to a great extent on the work of rural women. Women comprise, in average, 43 percent of the agricultural labour force in developing countries.1 Hence, securing women’s human rights is a key strategy in assuring food security for all. Women are involved in a variety of agricultural operations such as crops, livestock and fish farming. They produce food and cash crops at subsistence and commercial levels. At community level women undertake a range of activities that support natural resource management and agricultur-al development, such as soil and water conservation, afforestation and crop domestication. Women often have 1 FAO 2011 (see references under â€Å"Further reading†). unique perspectives on, as well as understanding of local biodiversity importance for the development of adapted and improved varieties. Also for dietary diversity women have a decisive role. Poor households headed by women often succeed in providing more nutritional food for their children than those headed by men. There is a strong correlation between a higher level of gender equality and lower level of child mortality. Cultural traditions and social structures often mean that women are more affect-ed by hunger and poverty than men even though women, and in particular expectant and nursing mothers, often need special or increased intake of food. And too often, child hunger is inherited: a mother who is stunted or underweight due to an inadequate diet often give birth to low birth weight children. The critical link between women’s social status and nutrition The wide differences in women’s nutrition among coun-tries that have similar income levels indicate that some-thing other than income affects women’s nutrition. Re-search indicates that cultural norms about eating and women’s low social status often affect women’s diets. In 2003, India and Bolivia had similar gross national in-comes, but 36 percent of Indian women were under-weight, compared with only 1 percent of Bolivian women.3 2 ADB 2013. 3 Ransom, E. ; Elder, L. (2003) Nutrition of Women and Adolescent Girls: Why It Matters. Population Reference Bureau. [ BRIEF ] Women and Food Security Women face numerous obstacles to access productive inputs, assets to land and services required for rural livelihoods. These include access to fertilizers, livestock, mechanical equipment, improved seed varieties, exten-sion services, agricultural education and credit. Women receive for example only 5 percent of agricultural exten-sion services worldwide. As rural women often spend a large amount of their time on additional household obli-gations they have less time to spend on food production or other income opportunities. Women also have less access to markets than men which hamper their opportu-nities to earn an income even further, and thus their pos-sibilities to be able to buy food. With fewer assets and heavier burdens, women are more vulnerable to shocks and less well positioned to respond to e.g. the effects of climate change or other rapid changes in the environ-ment. Social and economic inequalities between men and women result in less food being produced, less income being earned, and higher levels of poverty and food inse-curity. If women farmers had the same access to re-sources as men, the agricultural yield could increase by 20 to 30 percent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5 percent, which could re-duce the number of hungry people in the world by 12 to 17 percent. Another emerging challenge in food security and nutri-tion that needs to be addressed is to enhance women and men’s resilience to climate change; e.g. by diversified production as well as strengthened capacity to respond to challenges related to climate change, building on the different needs and coping mechanisms of women, men, boys and girls. Disasters, especially droughts, and emergency situa-tions are the most common causes of food shortages in the world (WFP). In humanitarian contexts discrimina-tion of women and girls may be reinforced, and the oc-currence of domestic violence increase during times of food scarcity. Because of women’s specific roles and experiences in food production and preparation, it is crucial to include them in emergency-related food securi-ty planning and decision making as potential change agents and decision makers, rather than as the â€Å"victims† they often are portrayed to be. Gender dynamics within households must be taken into account in situations of displacement when food aid and other relief items are distributed. This includes men’s and 4 UNDP 2012. 5 FAO 2012. women’s ability to access and equitably distribute relief items within households. Humanitarian interventions that radically alter gender roles, for example by giving women greater control over water and food distribution, may impact power dynamics negatively and can also lead to increased gender-based violence. The four dimension of food security from a gender perspective Availability. Inequalities in ownership of, access to and control of livelihoods assets negatively affect women’s food production and food security. Tenure insecurity for women results in lower investment and potential envi-ronmental degradation. It compromises future production potential and increases food insecurity and reduces women ´s income and the availability of food. Stability. Differences in risk and vulnerability between men and women can affect the stability of their food security in different ways. During times of crisis, women and girls are often forced to reduce their intake in (fa-vour?) of other household members. In cases of crop failure or natural disasters, cultural traditions make it easier for men to leave their farm in search for employ-ment elsewhere, leaving women behind to struggle for feeding their families and making ends meet. Utilization. Women ´s role in food utilization for food security is perhaps the most critical and outweighs the importance of their role in food production and how they spend the income they earn. Women are typically re-sponsible for food preparation and thus are crucial to the dietary diversity of their households. Access. Access to food within the household is deter-mined by cultural practices and power relationships within the family. Although food may be available, adequate amounts to maintain nutritional intake may not necessari-ly be as accessible to women compared to men. Source: FAO (2013): Gender and climate change research in agriculture and food security for rural development. Food security and agricultural programmes can strength-en human rights and be more effective if they also tackle the constraints around women’s access to resources. This is done through addressing the issue of unequal gender roles, responsibilities and workloads. To acknowledge women’s role in food security, contributions are needed at all levels in a variety of result areas. Entry points for Sida can be identified within the following areas: Women’s right to food ? Assure women’s human rights including the rights to education, knowledge and employment and women’s equal rights to land, water and other resources that are necessary for raising the productivity of their agricul-tural activity, food and nutrition security. Promote women’s productive activities by providing trainings, credit and access to improved and appropriate technology to reduce their work load. ? Ensure that women are empowered and trained to exercise their rights and take active participation in decision-making bodies. ? Mother-and-child health and nutrition programmes can break gender barriers in childcare by including men and boys in nutrition and health education activities. Women’s access to land? Contribute to the reforming of laws on tenure, land distribution, land reform and family law, including marital and inheritance laws, to become gender equal. ? Support education and capacity building for govern-ment officials, legislators, and local land officials on gender equality in access to land and property rights. ? Advocate the creation of mechanisms to monitor the enforcement of policies, targets and laws on women’s access and rights to land. ? Promote women’s access and rights to land in custom-ary law e.g. by supporting women’s participation in bodies responsible for interpreting customary law. ? Support awareness-raising and access to information among women regarding land rights, including infor-mation about complaints mechanisms. Women’s equal participation in labour markets ? Support government legislation that guarantees equita-ble employment conditions that protect workers in both formal and informal employment. ? Extend the coverage of social protection to all catego-ries of rural workers and ensure that they incorporate women’s special needs. ? Support policies and investments in labour-saving technologies and support public investments that make it easier for women to participate in the labour market. ? Intensify the provision of better-quality education and vocational training for women. Policy processes and frameworks ? â€Å"The right to adequate food†: 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ? Women’s specific role for rural development: 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), (Article 14) ? Special attention to the gender gap in nutrition: 1992 The Global Plan of Action on Nutrition of the In-ternational Conference on Nutrition ? Highlight the close interlinkages between gender equality and women’s empowerment: 1992 the Mil-lennium Development Goals (MDGs) ? Emphasize the specific role that women play in food security: 2004 The Voluntary Guidelines to sup-port Member States’ efforts to achieve the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security ? Highlights full and equal participation of men and women for achieving sustainable food security: 2006 World Summit on Food Security and The World Food Summit Plan of Action (e.g. 16, 1.3) ? Gender issues in food security and nutrition: 2012 The First Version of the Global Strategic Framework for Food Security and Nutrition GSF ? Women’s empowerment equality of opportunity: 2012 UN Secretary General â€Å"Zero hunger Challenge† ? The importance of empowering rural women as critical agents: 2012 Rio +20 Outcome Document ? Food insecurity indicator allowing disparities in food access based on e.g. gender: 2013 FAO’s Voices of the Hungry ? Support women’s engagement in producer organisa-tions, cooperatives, labour unions, outgrow schemes etc. to strengthen women’s voice and decision-making power. ? Support women’s groups and other forms of collective action that builds relations and networks addressing gender gaps by reducing transaction costs, pooling risks, developing skills and building confidence. Women’s access to financial services ? Improve financial systems and services, e.g. loans and insurances, to respond to the needs and constraints of women producers and entrepreneurs. ? Ensure that women are being consulted and included in discussions, decision-making, planning and provi-sion of financial services. Support financial institutions, governments and NGOs to offer financial literacy training to ensure that wom-en can make informed financial decisions. ? Promote technological innovations, such as prepaid cards and mobile phone plans for making loan pay-ments and transfer cash, to facilitate for women to gain access to capital. Women’s access to technology ? Promote productivity enhancing agricultural tech-niques, including machines and tools, improved plant varieties and animal breeds, fertilizers, pest control measures and management techniques that address women ´s needs. ? Invest in labour-saving and productivity enhancing technologies and infrastructure, e.g. water sources in villages, fuel efficient stoves, and roads, to free wom-en ´s time for more productive activities. Promote women’s training on farming adaptation techniques such as rainwater harvesting and agrofor-estry, and on agricultural diversification to increase their resilience. ? Promote extension services that are more gender-responsive, i.e. considering all the roles of women and are closely linked to women’s activities. Support participatory gender-inclusive research and technology development programmes. Example of indicators ? Share of population (women/men) in targeted areas suffering from starvation (impact level indicator, measures effect on target group) ? Proportion of population (women/men/girls/boys) below minimum level of dietary energy consump-tion (impact level indicator, measures effect on target group) ? A monitoring system providing food-security data disaggregated by sex, geographic location (or oth-er as relevant in the specific context) in use (out-come level indicator, measures capacity development) ? Share of women and men using agricultural exten-sion services (output level indicator, measures ca-pacity development) Gender mainstreaming in humanitarian assis-tance ? Collect sex-disaggregated data for planning, imple-mentation and evaluation of food aid. Ensure that women and men take part equally in deci-sion-making, planning, implementation and manage-ment of food aid programmes. ? Design services to reduce women ´s and children’s time spent getting to, and from food distribution points. ? Ensure that women’s access to services is routinely monitored through observations and discussions with affected communities. Asian Development Bank (2013) FAO (2013): Gen-der Equality and Food Security – Women’s empower-ment as a tool against hunger, FAO (2013): Training Guide: Gender and climate change research in agriculture and food security FAO (2012): Global Strategic Framework for Food Se-curity and Nutrition FAO (2011): The state of Food and Agriculture – Wom-en in agriculture Gender in agriculture: Platform for knowledge sharing Global Gender ; Climate Alliance and UNDP (2012): Gender, agriculture and food security IFAD, FAO ; WB (2009): Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook IFPRI, 2012 Global Food Policy Report, chapter 4: Closing the Gender Gap IASC (2006): Gender Handbook in Humanitarian Action World Bank (2012): World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development World Food Program: Causes to hunger ; the Zero Hunger Challenge UN Human Rights Council (2010): HRC’s Advisory Committee on discrimination in the context of the right to food How to cite Women and Food Security, Papers